Bromine is what kind of element

Bromine is a chemical element with a fuming brown-red liquid. The noxious liquid is a member of the halogen family of the periodic table. It is the third-biggest halogen with an exceptional vapour pressure at room temperature. Before we move onto some unique properties of Br element, below are some fundamental physical properties.

Bromine belongs to the group — 17, period — 4, and block — p. The relative atomic weight is The appearance of an element is reddish-brown, and it has metallic lustre in solid-state. Bromine has 29 known isotopes; it ranges from Br to Br And there are two stable isotopes Br and Br Bromine has significantly high electron affinity, which is equivalent to chlorine.

However, the oxidizing power of bromide is relatively low as bromide ion has weaker hydration than chloride ion. Bromine gels violently with alkali metals and with aluminium, arsenic, phosphorus and antimony. But it combines less violently with other particular metals. Substitutability The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators.

Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Supply risk. Relative supply risk 7 Crustal abundance ppm 0. Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance.

Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Pressure and temperature data — advanced. Listen to Bromine Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Hello, welcome to Chemistry in its element where this week we're sniffing out the chemical that is named after the Greek word for stench and this substance has certainly kicked up a stink in its own right in its time because it makes holes in the ozone layer.

But it's not all bad as it's also given us drugs, insecticides and fire extinguishers and to tell the story of element number 35, here's chemist and author John Emsley. Fifty years ago bromine was produced on a massive scale and turned into lots of useful compounds. Photography relied on the light-sensitivity of silver bromide, doctors prescribed potassium bromide as a tranquiliser, leaded petrol needed dibromomethane to ensure the lead was removed via the exhaust gases, bromomethane was widely used to fumigate soil and storage facilities, and fire extinguishers contained volatile organobromine compounds.

Today these uses have all but disappeared. World production of liquid bromine once exceeded , tonnes per year, of which a significant part was produced by a plant on the coast of Anglesey in Wales, which closed in This extracted the element from sea water, which contains 65 p.

He found that the salt residues left by evaporating brine from Montpellier, France, gave an oily red liquid when treated with acid. He realised this was a new element and reported it to the French Academy, who confirmed his discovery. When they realised it was chemically similar to chlorine and iodine they proposed the name bromine, based on the Greek word bromos meaning stench.

While some uses of bromine have declined because the products made from it are no longer needed, others have been discouraged because of the damage this element could cause to the ozone layer. Volatile organobromine compounds are capable of surviving in the atmosphere long enough to reach the upper ozone layer where their bromine atoms are 50 times more damaging than the chlorine atoms - which are the main threat, coming as they did from the widely used chlorofluorocarbons, the CFCs.

The Montreal Protocol which outlawed the CFCs sought also to ban the use of all volatile organobromines by , and this restriction especially applied to the fumigant bromomethane and compounds such as CBrClF 2 which were in fire extinguishers for electrical fires or those in confined spaces. Bromomethane was a particular cause for concern but banning it has proved impossible because it has some uses for which alternatives have not been found.

Often referred to as methyl bromide, CH 3 Br boiling point 3. In the soil it kills nematodes, insects, bacteria, mites and fungi which threaten crops such as seed crops, lettuce, strawberries, grapes, and flowers such as carnations and chrysanthemums. In fact bromomethane is not quite so threatening as it first appears. Environmental research uncovered the unexpected result that half the bromomethane sprayed on soil never evaporates into the air because it is consumed by bacteria.

Nor are man-made organobromines the main source of these compounds in the atmosphere. Marine plankton and algae release around half a million tonnes of various bromomethanes a year and in particularly tribromomethane aka bromoform, CHBr 3. Even more surprising has been the discovery that something in the oceans is making pentabromodiphenyl ether.

This has been used as a fire-retardant, and when in it was found to be present in whale blubber it was at first thought to be the man-made variety. However, the carbon atoms it contained had detectable amounts of 14 C meaning that they were of recent origin, whereas the fire retardant is made entirely from fossil resources and contains no 14 C. Another complex bromine compound from the sea is the purple dye once used for clothes worn by the Roman Emperors.

Tyrian purple as it was called was extracted from the Mediterranean mollusc Murex brandaris and this molecule contains two bromine atoms and is 6,6'-dibromoindigo. Even when it appears benign as bromide ions in water, this element can still pose a threat to health. Ozonising drinking water in order to sterilise it converts any bromide to bromate BrO 3 - which is a suspected carcinogen and so must not exceed 10 p.

And some reservoirs in California where this has been exceeded have had to be drained because of it. Once so beneficial, bromine now appears to cause nothing but trouble. Yet in ways unseen, such as in the pharmaceutical industries, it still continues to be used to provide intermediates in the manufacture of live-saving drugs.

John Emsley unlocking the secrets of the brown element Bromine. You can find out more about some of John's other favourite elements in a series he has written for the RSC's Education in Chemistry and that's online at rsc. Next time on Chemistry in its element Nobel prize winning chemist Kary Mullis explains why a soul of iron is essential. For the human brain, iron is essential yet deadly. Carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, maybe ten other elements are also involved in life, but none of them have the power of iron to move electrons around, and none of them have the power to totally destroy the whole system.

Iron does. And you can catch Kary Mullis ironing out the wrinkles in metabolism's most important element on next week's Chemistry in its Element. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening, see you next time. Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists.

There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld. Click here to view videos about Bromine. View videos about. Help Text. Learn Chemistry : Your single route to hundreds of free-to-access chemistry teaching resources. We hope that you enjoy your visit to this Site. We welcome your feedback. Data W. Haynes, ed. Version 1. Coursey, D. Schwab, J. Tsai, and R. Dragoset, Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions version 4. Periodic Table of Videos , accessed December Podcasts Produced by The Naked Scientists.

Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. Explore all elements. D Dysprosium Dubnium Darmstadtium. E Europium Erbium Einsteinium. F Fluorine Francium Fermium Flerovium. G Gallium Germanium Gadolinium Gold. I Iron Indium Iodine Iridium. K Krypton. O Oxygen Osmium Oganesson. U Uranium. His results were published in One area of research in which bromine is studied is how bromine affects the atmosphere. A resource published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA describes how bromine, as well as chlorine, destroys ozone molecules during three reaction cycles.

In the first cycle, reactions between chlorine or chlorine monoxide interacting with ozone leads to monotonic O or diatomic oxygen O 2. The second cycle also reacts chlorine with ozone to result in diatomic oxygen. The third cycle shows bromine reacting with ozone to also result in diatomic oxygen. In all of these cases, sunlight is needed for the reactions so ozone depletion is greater during the summer months and greatly slows down or ceases in the winter months when there is minimal to no sunlight reaching the poles.

There are several studies, including one study published in in the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics by Bodo Werner, et al. The study used a variety of methods to calculate the amount of bromine present in the atmosphere.

The study suggested that approximately one third of ozone depletion is due to bromine. According to the study, the bromine compounds in the atmosphere have four major sources:.